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Every wise person desires and aims to meet Allah in Jannah, and achieving this goal requires both knowledge and righteous deeds. These, in turn, depend on a sound and healthy body that is nourished appropriately. Our pious predecessors considered eating to be an integral part of religion, as the Qurʾān states:

يَا أَيُّهَا الرُّسُلُ كُلُوا مِنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَاعْمَلُوا صَالِحًا إِنِّي بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ عَلِيمٌ

"O Messengers! Eat from what is ṭayyib (pure and permissible) and do righteous deeds. Verily, I am All-Aware of what you do."
(Sūrat al-Muʾminūn 23:51)

Imām Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 505 AH) extensively discusses the prophetic etiquette of eating in his renowned work Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. He outlines what to eat, how to eat, and the key principles to observe when consuming food. These etiquettes are categorized into three stages:

1. Pre-meal etiquettes
2. Manners while eating
3. Post-meal etiquettes

Let us begin with the first stage: the etiquettes to observe before eating. According to Imām al-Ghazālī, there are seven key etiquettes to consider before beginning a meal.

Pre-Meal Etiquettes According to the Prophetic Model

Before eating, one must ensure that the food is ḥalāl (lawfully permissible) and ṭayyib (pure and wholesome). The Qurʾān instructs: “Eat from the good things with which We have provided you” (Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:57). Consuming permissible and pure food is not merely a physical necessity but also a spiritual responsibility, as it directly impacts one's ability to perform righteous deeds. Food obtained through unlawful means or containing impure elements can cloud the heart and diminish the effectiveness of one’s worship.

Hygiene is a key component of prophetic guidance on eating. The Prophet ﷺ emphasized the importance of washing hands before and after eating, stating: "The blessing of food lies in washing hands before and after eating" (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3755). Clean hands ensure that no dirt or harmful substances contaminate the food, thereby preventing illness and maintaining overall well-being. This simple practice also enhances mindfulness about the act of eating, reinforcing gratitude for sustenance provided by Allah.

Eating on the ground was a common practice of the Prophet ﷺ, reflecting humility and simplicity. Anas ibn Mālik (raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu) reported: “The Prophet (ﷺ) never took his meals at a dining table, nor in small plates, and he never ate thin wellbaked bread. (The sub-narrator asked Qatada, "Over what did they use to take their meals?" Qatada said, "On leather dining sheets.” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5415). While eating on tables is not prohibited, following the Sunnah by sitting on the ground fosters a sense of modesty and gratitude. 

Additionally, sitting in an appropriate posture while eating is recommended. The Prophet ﷺ disliked eating in a reclining position and said: "I do not eat while reclining" (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5398). Instead, he preferred sitting with humility, sometimes kneeling, sitting on his feet, or crossing his right leg over the left. He also emphasized: "Indeed, I am a servant. I eat as a servant eats, and I sit as a servant sits" (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 2858). These postures promote mindfulness in eating, preventing excessive indulgence.

The intention behind eating should be to maintain strength for worship and righteous deeds, rather than mere indulgence. The Prophet ﷺ cautioned against overeating, saying: "The son of Ādam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach" (Sunan al-Tirmidhī 2380). Overeating leads to laziness and diminishes one's ability to engage in spiritual and physical acts of worship. A believer should adopt moderation, eating just enough to sustain energy and fulfill their religious and worldly responsibilities effectively.

One must express gratitude for whatever food is served and avoid extravagance or unnecessary demands. The Prophet ﷺ emphasized respect for basic sustenance, particularly bread. Contentment with simple food and gratitude for Allah’s provisions reflect a sincere appreciation of His blessings and cultivate a spirit of humility and satisfaction.

Sharing meals with family and companions is an essential part of the Prophetic tradition, fostering love, unity, and blessings. The Prophet ﷺ encouraged gathering around food, stating: “Come together around food, for there is barakah (blessing) in it.” (Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3764). Anas ibn Mālik (raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu) reported that the Prophet ﷺ never ate alone, always ensuring that others shared in his meal. This practice cultivates gratitude, strengthens family ties, and prevents selfishness. The Prophet ﷺ further emphasized: “The best food is that which is shared by many hands.” (Musnad Aḥmad 12459). Including children in meals also teaches them the values of generosity and appreciation for sustenance.

Another key etiquette is prioritizing food over prayer when both are available, ensuring that hunger does not become a distraction during worship. The Prophet ﷺ advised: “If supper is served and the time for prayer comes, start with supper.” (Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 673). Ibn ʿUmar (raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu) exemplified this practice, remaining at the dining mat even when the imām had begun reciting, respecting the importance of fulfilling one’s bodily needs before engaging in prayer. This ruling, however, applies when there is sufficient time left to perform the prayer without rushing. The wisdom behind this teaching is that prayer should be performed with full concentration, free from distractions like hunger or craving for food.

Manners While Eating: Observing the Prophetic Etiquettes

After discussing the etiquettes before eating, let us now explore the essential etiquettes to be observed while dining. The first and foremost practice is to commence the meal by invoking the name of Allah. Saying "Bismillāh" before eating is an act of mindfulness and gratitude, reminding us that our sustenance is a blessing from Allah. The Prophet ﷺ said:

"When one of you eats, let him mention the name of Allah. If he forgets to do so at the beginning, let him say, ‘Bismillāhi fī awwalihi wa ākhirihi’ (In the name of Allah at its beginning and its end).”
(Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3767, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2018)

Starting the meal with the right hand is an established Sunnah. The Prophet ﷺ instructed:

"Eat with your right hand and drink with your right hand, for Shayṭān eats and drinks with his left hand."
(Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2020)

Additionally, it is a practice of some scholars to begin the meal with a bite of something salty, as it is believed to cleanse the palate and prepare the stomach for digestion. Similarly, concluding the meal with a salty bite can serve as a final touch of flavour.

One of the etiquettes emphasised in the Sunnah is chewing food properly and eating at a measured pace. Hastily consuming food can lead to indigestion and diminish the appreciation of its taste. The Prophet ﷺ demonstrated a composed and mindful approach to eating, ensuring that each bite was properly chewed before taking another. This also reflects good manners when dining with others, as it prevents overeating and maintains decorum.

Another fundamental principle of dining etiquette is never to criticise food. The Prophet ﷺ never disapproved of any food presented to him; if he liked it, he ate it, and if he did not, he simply left it without complaint. This practice was observed by his companions, as Anas ibn Mālik (raḍiya Allāhu ʿanhu) reported:

"The Messenger of Allah ﷺ never found fault with food. If he liked it, he ate it, and if he disliked it, he left it."
(Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5409, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2064)

When sharing a meal with others, one should eat from the portion nearest to them rather than reaching across the dish, as this displays good manners and consideration for others. The Prophet ﷺ instructed a young companion:

"O young boy, say ‘Bismillāh,’ eat with your right hand, and eat from what is in front of you."
(Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5376, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2022)

Eating directly from the center of a shared dish is discouraged, as it may be perceived as inconsiderate. Similarly, cutting bread and meat with a knife is discouraged in the Sunnah, as the Prophet ﷺ recommended using one's hands to break and consume food naturally. This practice fosters appreciation for food and avoids unnecessary extravagance. Another respectful practice is to avoid placing items on top of bread, as it is a staple food that should be honored and not treated casually.

Let hot food cool before eating is also advisable to prevent harm and discomfort. The Prophet ﷺ disapproved of hastily consuming extremely hot food and drinks, as they can cause physical harm. Furthermore, the consumption of dates holds spiritual significance, and it is recommended to eat them in odd numbers—such as 3, 7, or 11—as a practice rooted in the Sunnah. The Prophet ﷺ said:

"Whoever eats seven dates in the morning will not be harmed by poison or magic that day."
(Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5768, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2047)

Finally, handling date pits with proper etiquette is also emphasised. One should not discard the pits carelessly or place them back on the dining surface. Instead, it is recommended to discreetly remove the pits from the mouth and place them on the back of the hand before disposing of them appropriately. This reflects cleanliness, refinement, and respect for the meal.

Drinking should be done with mindfulness and moderation, ideally limiting beverage intake to moments of necessity rather than sipping between bites. Frequent drinking while eating can disrupt digestion and alter the natural pace of a meal. When one does take a drink, it is essential to hold the cup with the right hand, following the Sunnah. The Prophet ﷺ instructed:

"When one of you eats or drinks, let him do so with his right hand, for Shayṭān eats and drinks with his left hand."
(Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2020)

Before taking a sip, one should say ‘Bismillāh’ and ensure that the drink is free from any impurities or foreign particles by glancing into the cup. It is also important to refrain from breathing or blowing into the drink, as this is discouraged in the Sunnah. The Prophet ﷺ cautioned against this, stating:

"Do not breathe into the vessel while drinking."
(Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5630, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 267)

Another important etiquette is drinking while seated, as the Prophet ﷺ generally preferred drinking in a composed and respectful manner. While certain exceptions exist, such as drinking Zamzam while standing, the general Sunnah encourages sitting while drinking. The Prophet ﷺ said:

"Do not drink while standing."
(Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2026)

Upon completing the drink, it is customary to offer praises to Allah, following the practice of the Prophet ﷺ. He would express gratitude by saying:

الحمد لله الذي جعله عذباً فراتاً برحمته ولم يجعله ملحاً أجاجاً بذنوبنا

"All praises to Allah, who made the drink sweet and pleasant with His mercy and did not make it salty and bitter because of our sins."
(Narrated by al-Ṭabarānī in al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr*)

This beautiful supplication not only acknowledges the blessing of fresh, drinkable water but also instills humility and mindfulness about Allah’s mercy.

Lastly, when sharing a drink, it is recommended to pass the cup to the person on one’s right. The Prophet ﷺ taught:

"Start with those on the right."
(Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5612, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2029)

By adhering to these etiquettes, one cultivates a sense of community, gratitude, and discipline, embodying the refined manners of the Prophet ﷺ in everyday actions.

Post-Meal Etiquette: Observing the Prophetic Guidelines

After a meal, it is essential to cease eating before reaching a state of excessive fullness, as moderation is key to maintaining both physical well-being and gratitude for the sustenance provided. Overeating not only leads to physical discomfort but also diminishes one's ability to remain active in worship and daily responsibilities. The Prophet ﷺ wisely advised:

"The son of Ādam does not fill any vessel worse than his stomach. It is sufficient for him to eat a few mouthfuls to keep his back straight. If he must eat more, then let him fill one-third (of his stomach) with food, one-third with drink, and leave one-third for air."
(Sunan al-Tirmidhī 2380)

Acknowledging the conclusion of a meal with cleanliness is also an essential etiquette. One should lick their fingers if necessary, as the Prophet ﷺ encouraged this practice before wiping them clean. This is to ensure that no food is wasted, and it also fosters an appreciation for every morsel. It is also recommended to eat any remaining part on the plate and collect any food parts that may have fallen and eat it after removing any dirt on it. The Prophet ﷺ emphasized this, stating:

"If a morsel of food falls from one of you, let him pick it up, remove any dirt on it, and eat it, and not leave it for Shayṭān. And let him not wipe his hand with a towel until he has licked his fingers, for he does not know in which part of his food the blessing lies."
(Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2033b)

He ﷺ also said: "Whoever eats from a bowl and then licks it, the bowl will seek forgiveness for him."

Following this, washing hands thoroughly is an act of both hygiene and courtesy. This step signifies respect for oneself and those around, ensuring cleanliness after the meal. 

Another important aspect of post-meal etiquette is removing food particles from between one’s teeth, as this contributes to personal hygiene and ensures fresh breath, particularly when conversing with others afterwards. 

A crucial part of completing a meal is engaging in a moment of reflection and gratitude. It is highly recommended to recite Sūrat al-Ikhlāṣ (112) and Sūrat Quraysh (106), as these verses emphasize reliance on Allah and gratitude for His provisions. The Prophet ﷺ would conclude his meals with a supplication of thanks, saying:

"Alḥamdulillāh alladhī aṭʿamanā wa saqānā wa jaʿalanā muslimīn."
"All praise is due to Allah, who fed us, provided us drink, and made us Muslims."
(Sunan Abī Dāwūd 3850, Sunan al-Tirmidhī 3458)

By expressing gratitude, we not only acknowledge the meal but also cultivate a deeper connection with Allah, recognising that every bite and sip is a divine blessing.

In summary, post-meal etiquette encompasses a series of respectful and mindful practices that contribute to a positive dining experience, reflecting both personal discipline and cultural values. By adhering to these guidelines, we honour the food and those who prepared and cultivate a sense of community and appreciation among those with whom we share our meals.

About the author

Abdulrahman PH padhinhar. Researcher at malik deenar islamic academy affiliated to Darul huda islamic university Chemmad,Kerala. He completed higher secondary education from muslim vocational higher secondary school .

Reference:

• Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:57
• Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim: Ḥadīth 2018, 2020, 2022, 2032, 2033b, 2034, 2047, 2064, 2557, 267, 2026, 2029.
• Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī: Ḥadīth 5376, 5409, 5612, 5630, 5768, 5985, 673.
• Sunan Abī Dāwūd: Ḥadīth 3767, 3850.
• Sunan al-Tirmidhī: Ḥadīth 2380, 3458.
• Musnad Aḥmad: Ḥadīth 12689.
• Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn – Imām al-Ghazālī, Kitāb Ādāb al-Akl (The Book of Eating Etiquettes).